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BARTER DEALS
TRADING 700 BC

   
Ancient coinage.
Advent of mercantile system.
       
Marketing as we understand
today had begun.
       
             
       
 
China had retail chains several centuries
before the Christian ERA.
 
 
      17th CENTURY
Department Stores in Europe and Asia
       
1859
  GREAT ATLANTIC AND
PACIFIC TEA COMPANY INC.
 
NEW YORK.
ORGANIZED Marketing was here to stay.
BRAND    BRANDING     BRAND EQUITY